Pallet Types Guide
A comprehensive reference to every major pallet type — stringer, block, double-face, single-face, wing, flush, reversible, nestable, export, and display. Understand the structural differences, handling characteristics, and ideal applications for each.
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Understanding Pallet Types
Not all pallets are created equal. The pallet industry has developed dozens of distinct pallet types over decades, each engineered to solve specific handling, storage, and shipping challenges. The right pallet type for your application depends on your product weight, warehouse equipment, racking system, shipping method, and budget.
The two broadest categories are stringer pallets and block pallets, which differ in their fundamental structural approach. Beyond this, pallets are further classified by their deck configuration (single-face vs. double-face), entry points (two-way vs. four-way), edge design (flush vs. wing), and special features (reversible, nestable, export-certified, or display-ready).
This guide covers all twelve major pallet types with detailed descriptions of their structure, advantages, limitations, and best-use applications. Use it as a reference when specifying pallets for new projects or evaluating alternatives for your existing operations.
Pallet Type Quick Comparison
| Type | Entry | Load Cap. | Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stringer | 2-way (4-way notched) | Moderate | $ | General shipping, warehousing |
| Block | 4-way | High | $$ | International, automated systems |
| Double-Face | Varies | Standard | $$ | Racking, conveyors, stacking |
| Single-Face | Varies | Floor only | $ | One-way, display, lightweight |
| Wing | Varies | Standard | $$ | Beverages, paper, wide loads |
| Flush | Varies | Standard | $$ | Automated, tight racking |
| Reversible | Varies | High (both sides) | $$$ | Pooling, heavy rotation |
| Nestable | 4-way | Low-Moderate | $$ | Return logistics, export |
| Export | Varies | Standard | $$ | International shipping |
| Display | 2-way or 4-way | Low | $$-$$$ | Retail, promotions |
Stringer Pallets
Description
The most common pallet type in North America. Stringer pallets use two or three parallel boards (called stringers) running lengthwise to support the deck boards. The stringers serve as the structural backbone of the pallet, transferring the load from the deck boards to the forklift forks or racking beams.
Structure
Top deck boards are nailed across the stringers. Bottom boards (if present) run in the same direction as the top boards, perpendicular to the stringers. Standard stringer pallets have three stringers — one on each edge and one in the center.
Entry Points
Two-way entry by default (forks enter from the front or back, between the stringers). Many stringer pallets are notched — a section is cut from the bottom of the stringer to allow partial four-way entry.
Dimensions
The standard GMA pallet (48 x 40 inches) is a stringer pallet. Other common sizes include 48x48, 42x42, and 48x36.
Load Capacity
2,500-3,000 lbs dynamic, 5,000-7,000 lbs static (standard softwood)
Best for: General domestic shipping, warehousing, conveyor systems, retail distribution, LTL freight.
Advantages
- Lowest manufacturing cost — simple construction with fewer components
- Abundant supply — the most commonly manufactured pallet in the U.S.
- Easy to repair — broken stringers can be reinforced with companion boards
- Compatible with most conveyor systems and automated equipment
- Lighter weight than block pallets of the same dimensions
Limitations
- Two-way entry limits handling flexibility (unless notched)
- Notched stringers sacrifice some structural strength
- Lower racking load capacity than block pallets
- Less stable in gravity flow racking systems
Block Pallets
Description
Block pallets use solid rectangular blocks (typically 9 or 12 blocks per pallet) positioned between top and bottom deck boards to create the pallet structure. The blocks are arranged in a grid pattern that allows forklift forks to enter from all four sides, providing maximum handling flexibility.
Structure
Top and bottom deck boards sandwich the blocks. Stringerboards (thin boards between the blocks on the perimeter) connect the blocks horizontally and provide additional stability. The bottom deck boards run perpendicular to the top deck boards.
Entry Points
True four-way entry — forks can enter from any direction without restriction. This is the defining advantage of block pallets.
Dimensions
Common in both GMA 48x40 and ISO 1200x1000mm sizes. Block pallets are the standard in Europe (EUR/EPAL pallets are block construction) and increasingly popular in North America.
Load Capacity
3,000-5,000 lbs dynamic, 6,000-8,000 lbs static (depending on materials)
Best for: International shipping, automated warehouses, gravity flow racking, heavy loads, multi-directional handling.
Advantages
- True four-way entry — maximum handling flexibility
- Higher load capacity than stringer pallets of similar materials
- Superior performance in racking, especially gravity flow systems
- More durable — block construction distributes stress better
- Compatible with automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS)
- Preferred by European and international supply chains
Limitations
- Higher manufacturing cost — more components and complex assembly
- Heavier than stringer pallets of the same size
- More difficult and expensive to repair
- Less commonly available in North America (though growing)
Double-Face Pallets
Description
Double-face pallets have deck boards on both the top and bottom surfaces. The bottom deck provides additional structural support, distributes the load more evenly onto the floor or racking beams, and protects the stringers or blocks from direct contact with surfaces. Most commercial pallets are double-face.
Structure
Top and bottom deck boards are nailed to the stringers (in stringer pallets) or sandwiched around blocks (in block pallets). Bottom boards may be the same width as top boards or narrower.
Entry Points
Depends on construction — stringer-based double-face pallets are two-way (or partial four-way if notched). Block-based double-face pallets are four-way.
Dimensions
Available in all standard sizes. The standard 48x40 GMA pallet is a double-face stringer pallet.
Load Capacity
Standard ratings — double-face construction supports full rated capacity in racking.
Best for: Racking applications, conveyor systems, stacking (loaded pallets on top of each other), all general commercial use.
Advantages
- Better load distribution on racking beams
- Protects stringers and blocks from wear
- Compatible with conveyor systems (bottom boards ride on rollers)
- More stable when stacked — bottom boards provide a flat surface for the pallet above
- Standard construction for commercial and industrial use
Limitations
- Heavier than single-face pallets
- Higher cost due to additional lumber
- Not reversible unless specifically designed as such
Single-Face Pallets
Description
Single-face pallets have deck boards on only the top surface. The bottom is open, exposing the stringers or blocks. This design is lighter, cheaper, and used primarily for applications where the pallet serves as a base but will not be racked or stacked with loads on top.
Structure
Top deck boards attached to stringers or blocks. No bottom deck boards. Stringers contact the floor or truck bed directly.
Entry Points
Two-way or four-way depending on stringer vs. block construction.
Dimensions
All standard sizes available. Custom sizes common for specific applications.
Load Capacity
Lower racking capacity than double-face (no bottom boards to span beams). Full capacity when on a flat floor.
Best for: One-way shipments, display bases, lightweight products, drum and barrel support, temporary storage on floor.
Advantages
- Lighter weight — reduces shipping cost per pallet
- Lower material cost — fewer boards
- Easy to nest or stack when empty (saves storage space)
- Good for one-way shipping where the pallet will not return
- Simple, quick construction
Limitations
- Not suitable for racking — beams would contact stringers only
- Cannot support stacking of loaded pallets on top
- Less protection for products on the bottom from below
- Stringers exposed to wear and damage on floor surfaces
Two-Way Entry Pallets
Description
Two-way entry pallets can only be accessed from two sides — the front and back. The other two sides are blocked by the continuous stringers. This is the default configuration for stringer pallets before any notching is performed.
Structure
Continuous stringers without notches block forklift access from two sides. Forks slide between the stringers from the open ends.
Entry Points
Two sides only. Pallet jack and forklift access is limited to the open stringer channels.
Dimensions
Standard 48x40 and other common sizes.
Load Capacity
Standard stringer pallet capacity (un-notched stringers maintain full strength).
Best for: Controlled warehouse environments, assembly lines, where approach direction is always the same.
Advantages
- Maximum structural integrity — un-notched stringers are at full strength
- Highest load capacity for stringer-type pallets
- Simple construction — fastest and cheapest to build
- Best choice when handling direction is controlled and predictable
Limitations
- Limited handling flexibility — forks must approach from specific direction
- Not compatible with operations requiring multi-directional access
- May require repositioning before loading onto trucks or racks
- Pallet jacks can only enter from two sides
Four-Way Entry Pallets
Description
Four-way entry pallets allow forklift forks to enter from any of the four sides. This can be achieved through block construction (true four-way entry) or by notching the stringers of a stringer pallet (partial four-way entry). Four-way entry dramatically increases handling flexibility in tight spaces.
Structure
Block pallets: blocks arranged in a grid with open spaces on all four sides. Notched stringer pallets: U-shaped or V-shaped notches cut into the stringers to allow fork entry from the normally blocked sides.
Entry Points
All four sides. Block pallets allow full fork insertion from all sides. Notched stringer pallets allow full insertion from the stringer direction but only partial insertion (to the notch depth) from the perpendicular direction.
Dimensions
All standard sizes. The 48x40 notched stringer pallet is the most common four-way pallet in the U.S.
Load Capacity
Block pallets: full capacity from all four sides. Notched stringer pallets: slightly reduced capacity due to the material removed by notching.
Best for: High-throughput distribution centers, cross-docking, automated systems, congested warehouse aisles.
Advantages
- Maximum handling flexibility — can be approached from any direction
- Essential for tight warehouse spaces and cross-docking operations
- Compatible with automated systems that require multi-directional access
- Reduces forklift maneuvering time in congested areas
- Allows more efficient truck loading (pallets can be turned any direction)
Limitations
- Block pallets: higher cost and weight
- Notched stringer pallets: reduced strength at notch points
- Notched pallets provide only partial entry from two sides
Wing Pallets
Description
Wing pallets have deck boards that extend beyond the stringers or blocks, creating an overhang (the "wings") on two or four sides. The wing provides additional deck surface area without increasing the overall footprint of the support structure. This design is common in beverage and paper industries.
Structure
Standard stringer or block construction, but the top and/or bottom deck boards extend 1-3 inches past the outer stringers or blocks on the wing sides.
Entry Points
Same as base construction (two-way or four-way depending on stringer or block type).
Dimensions
Deck surface is wider than the stringer/block footprint. Common example: 48-inch deck on 44-inch stringer spacing.
Load Capacity
Standard, but load should not be concentrated on the wing overhang (unsupported area).
Best for: Beverage industry, paper products, any large or wide product, sling-lifted loads, clamp truck operations.
Advantages
- Larger deck surface area accommodates wider loads
- Wings provide attachment points for sling lifting (cranes)
- Extra deck space protects products from rub damage in rack bays
- Compatible with stretch wrapping machines (wrap goes around the wing)
- Facilitates handling with clamp trucks (wings provide purchase)
Limitations
- Wing overhang can be damaged by adjacent pallets in rack bays
- Not suitable for tight racking configurations with minimal clearance
- Increased width requires careful consideration of truck loading patterns
- Wings can catch on conveyor guides if not designed for the system
Flush Pallets
Description
Flush pallets have deck boards that end exactly at the edge of the outer stringers or blocks — flush, with no overhang or underhang. This creates a clean, square footprint that fits precisely into racking, trucks, and containers.
Structure
Deck boards are cut to the exact width of the stringer or block spacing. All edges are aligned.
Entry Points
Depends on construction type (stringer or block).
Dimensions
True to stated dimensions. A 48x40 flush pallet is exactly 48 inches by 40 inches on all surfaces.
Load Capacity
Standard for the construction type. Flush design does not affect load capacity.
Best for: Automated warehouses, tight-tolerance racking, container loading, retail display, automated conveyor systems.
Advantages
- Precise dimensions for consistent racking fit
- Clean appearance for retail and display applications
- Maximum space utilization in trucks and containers
- No overhang to catch on racks, conveyors, or adjacent pallets
- Best compatibility with automated storage and retrieval systems
Limitations
- Less deck area than wing pallets of the same stringer spacing
- No overhang for sling attachment or clamp truck handling
- Edges of deck boards may split if forklifts strike the pallet sideways
Reversible Pallets
Description
Reversible pallets are designed so that either face can serve as the top (load-bearing) surface. Both the top and bottom decks are constructed identically with the same board pattern, spacing, and quality. The pallet can be flipped over and used from either side.
Structure
Identical top and bottom deck board layout. Both surfaces are load-rated. Stringer or block construction in the center.
Entry Points
Depends on construction (stringer or block).
Dimensions
Standard sizes. Both faces have the same usable dimensions.
Load Capacity
Full rated capacity from either face. Effectively doubles the usable life before wear requires replacement.
Best for: Pallet pooling systems, heavy-rotation applications, situations where pallets are frequently flipped, closed-loop supply chains.
Advantages
- Extended lifespan — when one face wears out, flip the pallet
- No wrong side up — simplifies warehouse handling
- Both faces suitable for product contact
- Excellent for pooling systems where pallets cycle through many users
- Reduces inspection time — no need to check which side is up
Limitations
- Higher material cost — full deck on both top and bottom
- Heavier weight due to additional lumber
- More expensive to manufacture
- Not standard stock — usually a custom order
Nestable Pallets
Description
Nestable pallets are designed so that empty pallets can nest inside each other, dramatically reducing the space required to store and transport empty pallets. The bottom surface has tapered or recessed areas that allow the pallet above to drop down into it. Typically made from plastic or presswood.
Structure
Legs or feet with tapered profiles that allow vertical nesting. Deck may be solid or perforated. Most nestable pallets are injection-molded plastic or thermoformed.
Entry Points
Usually four-way entry. The open-bottom design accommodates forks from any direction.
Dimensions
Standard 48x40 and other common sizes. Nesting depth varies from 2-4 inches.
Load Capacity
1,500-2,500 lbs dynamic (lower than solid construction due to leg design).
Best for: Return logistics (empty pallets going back), export shipments, food processing (easy to sanitize), trade shows.
Advantages
- Dramatic space savings — a stack of 30 nested pallets occupies the same space as 10 standard pallets
- Reduces return shipping costs (empty pallets take less trailer space)
- Lightweight — reduces outbound and return freight costs
- ISPM-15 exempt (plastic or presswood construction)
- Hygienic — easy to clean, no nails or splinters
Limitations
- Lower load capacity than non-nestable pallets
- Not suitable for racking in most cases
- Higher per-unit cost than basic wood pallets
- Cannot be repaired like wood pallets
- May not work with all conveyor systems
Export Pallets
Description
Export pallets are specifically manufactured and treated to meet the requirements of international shipping, primarily ISPM-15 compliance. They undergo heat treatment (HT) or are made from exempt materials (plastic, presswood) to prevent the international spread of invasive wood-boring pests.
Structure
Can be any construction type (stringer, block, etc.). What distinguishes export pallets is the treatment and certification, not the structural design.
Entry Points
Depends on base construction type. Four-way entry recommended for international shipping (forks may approach from any direction at destination).
Dimensions
Standard 48x40 for North American exports. ISO 1200x1000mm or 1200x800mm for European markets. Destination-specific sizes may be required.
Load Capacity
Standard for the construction type. Export pallets are not inherently stronger or weaker — the treatment does not affect structural properties.
Best for: All international shipments using solid wood packaging. Required by law in 180+ countries.
Advantages
- Legally required for international wood packaging shipments
- Prevents customs holds, quarantine, and shipment rejection
- IPPC stamp is internationally recognized in 180+ countries
- Heat treatment does not use chemicals (environmentally friendly)
- Documentation supports customs clearance and traceability
Limitations
- Higher cost than non-treated domestic pallets
- Requires certified treatment facility with proper equipment
- IPPC stamp must remain legible — damaged stamps can cause problems
- Repaired pallets with untreated wood lose certification
Display Pallets
Description
Display pallets are designed specifically for retail environments where the pallet serves as both a shipping platform and a point-of-sale display. They are smaller than standard pallets, often made from clean or finished wood, and designed to be visually appealing on the retail floor.
Structure
Usually lightweight construction with smooth, clean surfaces. No rough boards, visible nails, or industrial markings. May include risers, graphic panels, or product dividers.
Entry Points
Usually two-way or four-way, designed for pallet jacks rather than forklifts.
Dimensions
Quarter pallet: 24x20 inches. Half pallet: 48x20 or 24x40 inches. Full display: 48x40 inches. Custom sizes common.
Load Capacity
500-2,000 lbs depending on size and construction.
Best for: Retail promotions, club stores (Costco, Sam's Club), grocery end-cap displays, seasonal product displays.
Advantages
- Products ship directly from manufacturer to retail floor on the display pallet
- Eliminates unpacking and restocking labor at the store
- Clean, attractive appearance suitable for customer-facing areas
- Quarter and half pallets fit in end-cap and aisle display positions
- Can be branded or printed with marketing graphics
Limitations
- Higher per-unit cost than industrial pallets
- Lower load capacity (not designed for heavy industrial loads)
- Usually single-use or limited-use (not designed for repeated shipping)
- Non-standard sizes may not fit standard racking or conveyors
How to Choose the Right Pallet Type
What does it weigh?
Loads under 2,000 lbs: stringer pallets work well. Loads 2,000-4,000 lbs: consider block pallets or heavy-duty stringers. Over 4,000 lbs: custom heavy-duty hardwood pallets.
Where is it going?
Domestic only: standard stringer pallets. International: ISPM-15 heat-treated export pallets. Europe: block pallets (EUR/EPAL standard). Multi-directional handling: four-way block pallets.
How will it be stored?
Floor stacking: any type works. Selective racking: double-face required. Drive-in or flow racking: Grade A block pallets. Automated AS/RS: tight-tolerance block or flush pallets.
Is it one-way or return?
One-way: economy stringer or single-face pallets to minimize cost. Return/pooling: block or reversible pallets for durability. Closed loop: invest in quality pallets that last many cycles.
What industry are you in?
Food/pharma: Grade A, food-grade, heat-treated. Retail: display pallets for store floor, standard for DC. Beverage: wing pallets for wide loads. Manufacturing: heavy-duty for heavy parts.
What is your budget priority?
Lowest upfront cost: standard stringer pallets. Lowest lifetime cost: quality block or reversible pallets (last longer, fewer replacements). Balanced: Grade B recycled pallets.
Need the Right Pallet Type for Your Application?
Fresno Pallets manufactures and stocks all major pallet types — from standard stringer pallets to custom heavy-duty block pallets, export-certified pallets, and everything in between. Tell us what you need and we will recommend the best type for your application.